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Claude-Alain Roulet
4
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Contents
6
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List of Figures and Tables
8
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List of Figures and Tables ix
10
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List of Figures and Tables xi
12
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Preamble
13
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Introduction
14
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Outdoor airflow rate
15
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Recirculation rates
16
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Exfiltration
17
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Ventilation efficiency
18
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Airtightness
20
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Energy efficiency
20
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Common techniques
21
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Airflow Rates in Buildings
22
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Tracer decay, no injection
24
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Constant injection rate
24
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Constant concentration
25
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Pulse injection
25
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Airflow Rates in Buildings 5
26
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Airflow Rates in Buildings 7
28
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Global system of equations
29
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Airflow Rates in Buildings 9
30
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Properties of the flow matrix
31
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Airflow Rates in Buildings 11
32
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Note: y Under condition
34
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Source: Sherman, 1990
34
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Airflow Rates in Buildings 13
34
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Airflow Rates
36
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Source: Roulet et al., 2000a
37
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Velocity traverse
38
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Test procedure
39
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Tracer gas dilution
39
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Source: Awbi, 2007
40
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Inflatable bag
41
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Flowmeter
41
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Compensated flowmeter
41
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Tracer gas injection ports
41
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Source: Roulet et al., 1999
42
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Node by node method
44
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Least square solution
48
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Eliminating some equations
48
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Simplest way
49
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Less than four tracer gases
53
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Planning tool
54
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Simple measurement using CO
55
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Age of Air and
60
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Ventilation Efficiency
60
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Nominal time constant
61
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Air exchange efficiency
61
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Source: Roulet, 2004
62
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Measurement method
63
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Concentration [ppm]
65
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Source: Roulet et al., 1998
69
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The model matrix M
73
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Condition of the model matrix
74
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Factorial designs
75
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3-D designs
76
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Measurement methods
80
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Reductive sealing
82
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Density corrections
84
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Two measurement points
85
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Airtightness 65
86
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Airtightness of buildings
88
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External fan
89
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Internal fan
90
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Leakage visualization
90
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The stack effect method
91
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Airtightness 71
92
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Neutral height method
93
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Airtightness 73
94
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Pressurization method
95
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Flow rate difference method
96
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Conditioned space
97
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SealSeal
97
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Measurements and Measures
98
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Related to Energy Efficiency
98
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Energy in air handling units
100
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Heat exchangers
104
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Types of heat exchangers
105
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Rotating heat exchangers
106
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Glycol heat exchanger
107
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Heat pump
107
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Heat exchange efficiency
107
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Ventilated
110
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Global heat recovery efficiency
111
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Source: Roulet et al., 2001
114
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Examples of application
115
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Energy for ventilation
118
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Measurement of airflow rate
120
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Measurement of electric power
121
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Simulation results
126
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Recirculation
126
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Humidification
127
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Heat recovery
127
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Ductwork
128
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Contaminants in
129
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Air Handling Units
129
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Source: Bjo
130
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Humidifiers
131
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Source: Roulet et al., 2000
133
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Measurement protocols
134
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Selecting the panel
135
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Source: Bluyssen, 1990
136
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Training procedure
137
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Experimental day
138
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Principle of the method
138
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Injection technique
139
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Hot air blower (200 °C)
140
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Stainless steel
140
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Ø 6 mm copper tube
140
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Example of application
141
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Evidence for adsorption
144
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HVAC systems
146
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Common Methods
153
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Properties of tracer gases
155
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Source: Dietz et al., 1983
157
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Mixing tracer gases
158
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Tracer density problem
159
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Sampling methods
160
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Grab sampling
160
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Passive sampling
160
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Networks, pumps and pipes
161
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Tracer gas analysers
163
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Objective of the analysis
163
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Photo-acoustic detector
165
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Mass spectrometry
165
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Gas chromatography
167
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Chemical indicator tubes
167
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Identification methods
168
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Confidence in the coefficients
170
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Regression of the second kind
171
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Orthogonal regression
171
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Bayesian identification
172
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Error analysis
174
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Definitions
175
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A few statistics
175
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Covariance
177
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Statistical distributions
177
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What is the problem?
180
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Most simple error analysis
180
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Estimate of the variance
181
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Linear equations systems
181
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Upper bound of the errors
183
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References
187
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Unit Conversion Tables
192
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Pressure
194
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Volume flow rate
194
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Mass flow rate
194
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Glossary
195
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Glossary 175
196
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Glossary 177
198
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Glossary 179
200
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Glossary 181
202
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Glossary 183
204
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Glossary 185
206
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