Sharp JX-9400 Technical Information PDF herunterladen (Seite 4)

BUILDINGS

ENERGY

SOLAR TECHNOLOGY

Ventilation and Airﬂow in Buildings

Methods for Diagnosis and Evaluation

Claude-Alain Roulet

London

Sterling, VA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ... 210 211

Claude-Alain Roulet 4
Contents 6
List of Figures and Tables 8
List of Figures and Tables ix 10
List of Figures and Tables xi 12
Preamble 13
Introduction 14
Outdoor airﬂow rate 15
Recirculation rates 16
Exﬁltration 17
Ventilation eﬃciency 18
Airtightness 20
Energy eﬃciency 20
Common techniques 21
Airﬂow Rates in Buildings 22
Tracer decay, no injection 24
Constant injection rate 24
Constant concentration 25
Pulse injection 25
Airﬂow Rates in Buildings 5 26
Airﬂow Rates in Buildings 7 28
Global system of equations 29
Airﬂow Rates in Buildings 9 30
Properties of the ﬂow matrix 31
Airﬂow Rates in Buildings 11 32
Note: y Under condition 34
Source: Sherman, 1990 34
Airﬂow Rates in Buildings 13 34
Airﬂow Rates 36
Source: Roulet et al., 2000a 37
Velocity traverse 38
Test procedure 39
Tracer gas dilution 39
Source: Awbi, 2007 40
Inﬂatable bag 41
Flowmeter 41
Compensated ﬂowmeter 41
Tracer gas injection ports 41
Source: Roulet et al., 1999 42
Node by node method 44
Least square solution 48
Eliminating some equations 48
Simplest way 49
Less than four tracer gases 53
Planning tool 54
Simple measurement using CO 55
Age of Air and 60
Ventilation Eﬃciency 60
Nominal time constant 61
Air exchange eﬃciency 61
Source: Roulet, 2004 62
Measurement method 63
Concentration [ppm] 65
Source: Roulet et al., 1998 69
The model matrix M 73
Condition of the model matrix 74
Factorial designs 75
3-D designs 76
Measurement methods 80
Reductive sealing 82
Density corrections 84
Two measurement points 85
Airtightness 65 86
Airtightness of buildings 88
External fan 89
Internal fan 90
Leakage visualization 90
The stack eﬀect method 91
Airtightness 71 92
Neutral height method 93
Airtightness 73 94
Pressurization method 95
Flow rate diﬀerence method 96
Conditioned space 97
SealSeal 97
Measurements and Measures 98
Related to Energy Eﬃciency 98
Energy in air handling units 100
Heat exchangers 104
Types of heat exchangers 105
Rotating heat exchangers 106
Glycol heat exchanger 107
Heat pump 107
Heat exchange eﬃciency 107
Ventilated 110
Global heat recovery eﬃciency 111
Source: Roulet et al., 2001 114
Examples of application 115
Energy for ventilation 118
Measurement of airﬂow rate 120
Measurement of electric power 121
Simulation results 126
Recirculation 126
Humidiﬁcation 127
Heat recovery 127
Ductwork 128
Contaminants in 129
Air Handling Units 129
Source: Bjo 130
Humidiﬁers 131
Source: Roulet et al., 2000 133
Measurement protocols 134
Selecting the panel 135
Source: Bluyssen, 1990 136
Training procedure 137
Experimental day 138
Principle of the method 138
Injection technique 139
Hot air blower (200 °C) 140
Stainless steel 140
Ø 6 mm copper tube 140
Example of application 141
Evidence for adsorption 144
HVAC systems 146
Common Methods 153
Properties of tracer gases 155
Source: Dietz et al., 1983 157
Mixing tracer gases 158
Tracer density problem 159
Sampling methods 160
Grab sampling 160
Passive sampling 160
Networks, pumps and pipes 161
Tracer gas analysers 163
Objective of the analysis 163
Photo-acoustic detector 165
Mass spectrometry 165
Gas chromatography 167
Chemical indicator tubes 167
Identiﬁcation methods 168
Conﬁdence in the coeﬃcients 170
Regression of the second kind 171
Orthogonal regression 171
Bayesian identiﬁcation 172
Error analysis 174
Deﬁnitions 175
A few statistics 175
Covariance 177
Statistical distributions 177
What is the problem? 180
Most simple error analysis 180
Estimate of the variance 181
Linear equations systems 181
Upper bound of the errors 183
References 187
Unit Conversion Tables 192
Pressure 194
Volume ﬂow rate 194
Mass ﬂow rate 194
Glossary 195
Glossary 175 196
Glossary 177 198
Glossary 179 200
Glossary 181 202
Glossary 183 204
Glossary 185 206

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