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For each variant, the eﬀect of the following changes in design and operation was

simulated:

with 50 per cent recirculation instead of no recirculation;

with or without hea ting or cooling supply air;

eﬀect of ventilation strategies on heating demand;

eﬀect of airtightness on heating demand;

with and without a droplet catcher with 20 Pa pressure drop downwind of

the cooling coil;

with an impro ved ﬁlter with 150 Pa pressure drop;

changing used ﬁlters at a pressure drop of 180 Pa instead of 250 Pa;

with rotating or ﬂat plate heat exchanger: eﬃciency 0.85 and 0.75;

eﬀect of increase of pressure diﬀerence through ductwork: 1600 Pa versus

1000 Pa.

Simulation results

The main results of these simulations are summarized below. These conclu-

sions, in particular the numerical values, are valid for the building and the

system simulated. However, the order of magnitude and general tendencies

are likely to be valid for more gen eral situations.

Recirculation

The electric energy used by cooling and fans decreases by about 40 per cent

(27 per cent for Rome, 43 per cent for Zu

rich and 50 per cent for Oslo) if no

recirculation is used, compared to 50 per cent recirculation. No heat recovery

was used in these cases.

Heating

The energy use for heating mainly depends on climate and internal gains. Except

for heat recovery and time schedule of operation (working hours/24 hours

Cooling

Heat exchanger

Heating

Humidifaction

Fan

Filter

Office space

Cold ceiling

Radiators

Figure 5.18 The HVAC system in the simulated building

Measurements and Measures Related to Energy Eﬃciency in Ventilation 105

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Sharp JX-9400 Technical Information Seite 126