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Passive and active ways to get high quality buildings.

Passive ways are architectural and constructive measures that naturally provide

a better indoor environment quality without or with much less energy use.

Examples are:

improving winter thermal comfort with therma l insulation, passive solar

gains, thermal inertia and controlled natural ventilation;

improving summer thermal comfort with thermal insulation, solar protec-

tion, thermal inertia and appropriate natural ventilation;

ensuring indoor air quality by using low-emitting materials and controlled

natural ventilation;

providing controlled daylighting;

protecting from outdoor noise with acoustical insulation adjusting the

reverberation time for a comfortable indoor acoustics.

Passive means are often cheap, well accepted by the occupants, use very little or

no energy, and are much less susceptible to break down than active means.

However, they often depend on meteorological conditions and therefore

cannot always fulﬁl their objectives. They should be adapted to the location

and therefore need creativity and additional studies from the architect, and a

design error may have dramatic consequences.

Active (or technological) ways improve the indoor environment quality by

mechanical actions, using energy to complement the passive ways or even to

compensate for low building performance. Examples are:

heating boilers and radiators for winter comfort;

artiﬁcial cooling by air condi tioning or radiant panels for summer comfort;

mechanical ventilation;

artiﬁcial lighting;

actively diﬀusing background music or noise to cover the ambient noise.

Active ways, when appropriately designed, built and maintained, are perfectly

adapted to needs. Flexible and relatively independent of meteorological condi-

tions, they allow for the correction of architectural errors. However, the

required technology is often expensive, uses a lot of energy and may break

down. Furthermore, active means require a higher maintenance input.

Passive ways are preferred, but cannot always fulﬁl the comfort objectives.

Therefore, the appropriate strategy is to use them as much as reasonably

possible and to compensate for their insuﬃciencies with active systems,

which will then be of lesser importance. This strategy often allows more

freedom in choosing the type and location of active systems.

The passive way of ensuring indoor air quality is of course natural ventilation,

but also reduction of pollutant emission indoors by an appropriate choice of

building materials and furniture. The corresponding active way is mechanical

ventilation wherever necessary, including heating, cooling, humidiﬁcation or

dehumidiﬁcation. An appropriate design of the ventilation systems, a careful

commissioning of new systems and conscientious maintenance guarantee good

78 Ventilation and Airﬂow in Buildings

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